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(1)

The SSP was developed by probability weighting multiple cash flow scenarios using the income approach. Our management estimates within the models include the expected, probability-weighted net profits from estimated future sales, an estimate of the direct cost incurred to generate future cash flows, a discount rate and other business forecast factors. There are significant judgments and estimates inherent in the determination of the SSP of these units of accounting. These judgments and estimates include assumptions regarding future operating performance, the timelines of the clinical trials and regulatory approvals, and other factors. If different reasonable assumptions are utilized, the SSP and revenue recognized would vary.

(2)	The SSP was developed using our management’s best estimate of the cost of obtaining these services at arm’s length from a third-party provider.

(3)	The SSP was developed using internal full time equivalent costs to support the development services.

(4)	We determined that recognizing revenue on a proportional basis using the ratio of effort incurred to date compared to the total estimated effort required to complete the performance obligation best depicts the satisfaction of our obligations under the Collaboration Agreements.

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(1)	Additions to contract assets relate to amounts billed to Celgene for reimbursable costs incurred by us during the reporting period. Deductions to contract assets relate to collection of receivables during the reporting period.

(2)	Additions to contract liabilities relate to consideration from Celgene during the reporting period. Deductions to contract liabilities relate to deferred revenue recognized as revenue during the reporting period and cumulative catch-up adjustment recognized upon adoption of ASC 606 on January 1, 2018.

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•	establishing an appropriate safety profile with IND, and/or NDA enabling toxicology and clinical studies;

•	the successful enrollment in, and completion of, clinical trials;

•	the receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

•	establishing compliant commercial manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with third-party manufacturers;

•	obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection, and regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates;

•	launching commercial sales of the products, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others; and

•	maintaining an acceptable safety profile of the products following approval.

•	employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense;

•	expenses incurred under agreements with third parties, including contract research organizations, or CROs, that conduct research and development and both preclinical and clinical activities on our behalf, and the cost of consultants;

•	the cost of lab supplies and acquiring, developing and manufacturing preclinical and clinical study materials; and

•	facilities, depreciation, and other expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent and the maintenance of facilities, insurance and other operating costs.

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•	IDHIFA® costs increased as a result of increased internal and external expenses related to our ongoing phase 1b frontline combination trial development work.

•	TIBSOVO® (ivosidenib) costs decreased compared to prior period as prior period costs included manufacturing expenses associated with our initial commercial inventory of TIBSOVO® (ivosidenib) as part of our NDA submission in December 2017.

•	AG-881 costs decreased as our phase 1 trial in patients with advanced IDH1 or IDH2 mutant-positive hematologic malignancies and our phase 1 trial in IDH1 or IDH2 mutant-positive advanced solid tumors, including glioma, both completed their dose escalation portions. However, we continue to incur costs related to patients still on both studies and planning for future development.

•	AG-348 costs increased as a result of the start-up costs for the ACTIVATE-T trial and the planned initiation of ACTIVATE in the second quarter of 2018.

•	AG-270 costs increased as we initiated a phase 1 trial in March 2018.

•	The increase in the costs of other research and platform programs include activities related to exploratory efforts, target validation and lead optimization for our discovery and follow-on programs, and our proprietary metabolomics platform.

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•	the scope, progress, results and costs of drug discovery, preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our product candidates;

•	the success of our collaborations;

•	the extent to which we acquire or in-license other medicines and technologies;

•	the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates;

•	the costs associated with preparation for the potential commercial launch of one or more of our product candidates;

•	the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims; and

•	our ability to establish and maintain additional collaborations on favorable terms, if at all.

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•	initiate and continue clinical trials for our product candidates, including: TIBSOVO® (ivosidenib), AG-881, AG-348, and AG-270;

•	continue our research and preclinical development of our product candidates;

•	seek to identify additional product candidates;

•	seek marketing approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;

•	establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any medicines for which we may obtain marketing approval;

•	require the manufacture of larger quantities of product candidates for clinical development and, potentially, commercialization;

•	maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;

•	hire additional clinical, quality control and scientific personnel;

•	add additional personnel to support our product development and planned future commercialization efforts and our operations;

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•	add equipment and physical infrastructure to support our research and development; and

•	acquire or in-license other medicines and technologies.

•	the scope, progress, results and costs of drug discovery, preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our product candidates;

•	the success of, and developments regarding, our collaborations;

•	the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates;

•	the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims;

•	our ability to establish and maintain additional collaborations on favorable terms, if at all; and

•	the extent to which we acquire or in-license other medicines and technologies.

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•	IDHIFA® becomes no longer accepted as safe, efficacious, and cost-effective for the treatment of adult patients with R/R AML and an IDH2 mutation in the medical community and by third-party payors;

•	Celgene fails to continue to apply the necessary financial resources and expertise to manufacturing, marketing and selling IDHIFA®;

•	Celgene does not continue to develop and implement effective marketing, sales and distribution strategies and operations for development and commercialization of IDHIFA®;

•	Celgene does not continue to develop, validate and maintain a commercially viable manufacturing process for IDHIFA® that is compliant with current good manufacturing practices;

•	Celgene do not successfully obtain third party reimbursement and generate commercial demand that results in sales of IDHIFA®;

•	we or Celgene encounter any third party patent interference, derivation, inter partes review, post-grant review, reexamination or patent infringement claims with respect to IDHIFA®;

•	Celgene does not comply with regulatory and legal requirements applicable to the sale of IDHIFA®;

•	competing drug products are approved for the same indications as IDHIFA®;

•	new safety risks are identified;

•	IDHIFA® does not demonstrate acceptable safety and efficacy in current or future clinical trials, or otherwise does not meet applicable regulatory standards for approval in indications other than for the treatment of adult patients with R/R AML and an IDH2 mutation;

•	Celgene determines to re-prioritize its commercial or development programs and reduce or terminate its efforts on the development or commercialization of IDHIFA®; or

•	Celgene does not maintain or defend intellectual property rights associated with IDHIFA®.

•	the research methodology used may not be successful in identifying appropriate biomarkers or potential product candidates; or

•	potential product candidates may, on further study, be shown to have harmful side effects or other characteristics that indicate that they are unlikely to be medicines that will receive marketing approval and achieve market acceptance.

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•	successful enrollment in, and completion of, clinical trials;

•	safety, tolerability and efficacy profiles that are satisfactory to the FDA, the EMA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority for marketing approval;

•	timely receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

•	establishing both clinical and commercial manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with third-party manufacturers;

•	the performance of any collaborators;

•	obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection and non-patent exclusivity for our medicines;

•	launching commercial sales of the medicines, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others;

•	acceptance of the medicines, if and when approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payors;

•	effectively competing with other therapies;

•	continuing acceptable safety profile for the medicines following approval;

•	enforcing and defending intellectual property rights and claims; and

•	achieving desirable medicinal properties for the intended indications.

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•	be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our product candidates;

•	not obtain marketing approval at all;

•	obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired;

•	obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings, including boxed warnings;

•	be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements; or

•	have the medicine removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval.

•	regulators or institutional review boards may not authorize us, our collaborators or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site;

•	we or our collaborators may have delays in reaching or fail to reach agreement on acceptable clinical trial contracts or clinical trial protocols with prospective trial sites;

•	clinical trials of our product candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we or our collaborators may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials, including testing in more subjects, or abandon product development programs;

•	the number of patients required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we anticipate; enrollment in these clinical trials, which may be particularly challenging for some of the orphan diseases we target in our RGD programs, may be slower than we anticipate; or participants may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate;

•	third-party contractors used by us or our collaborators may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations in a timely manner, or at all;

•	we or our collaborators might have to suspend or terminate clinical trials of our product candidates for various reasons, including a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

•	regulators, institutional review boards, or the data safety monitoring board for such trials may require that we, our collaborators or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including

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•	the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than anticipated;

•	the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates may be insufficient or inadequate; and

•	our product candidates may have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, causing us, our collaborators or our investigators, regulators or institutional review boards to suspend or terminate the trials.

•	severity of the disease under investigation;

•	availability and efficacy of approved medications for the disease under investigation;

•	eligibility criteria for the study in question;

•	perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study;

•	efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials;

•	patient referral practices of physicians;

•	the ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment; and

•	proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients.

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•	the development of our therapeutic product candidates may be adversely affected if we are unable to appropriately select patients for enrollment in our clinical trials;

•	our therapeutic product candidates may not receive marketing approval if safe and effective use of a therapeutic product candidate depends on an in vitro diagnostic; and

•	we may not realize the full commercial potential of any therapeutics that receive marketing approval if, among other reasons, we are unable to appropriately select patients who are likely to benefit from therapy with our medicines.

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•	regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product or seize the product;

•	we, or any future collaborators, may be required to recall the product, change the way the product is administered or conduct additional clinical trials;

•	additional restrictions may be imposed on the marketing of, or the manufacturing processes for, the particular product;

•	we may be subject to fines, injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties;

•	regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a “black box” warning or a contraindication, including, for example, the black box warning for differentiation syndrome on the label for IDHIFA®;

•	we, or any future collaborators, may be required to create a Medication Guide outlining the risks of the previously unidentified side effects for distribution to patients;

•	we, or any future collaborators, could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients;

•	the product may become less competitive; and

•	our reputation may suffer.

•	efficacy and potential advantages compared to alternative treatments;

•	the approval, availability, market acceptance and reimbursement for the companion diagnostic;

•	the ability to offer our medicines for sale at competitive prices;

•	convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments;

•	the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies;

•	ensuring uninterrupted product supply;

•	the strength of marketing and distribution support;

•	sufficient third-party coverage or reimbursement; and

•	the prevalence and severity of any side effects.

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•	our inability to recruit and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel;

•	the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to physicians or persuade adequate numbers of physicians to prescribe any future medicines;

•	the lack of complementary medicines to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines; and

•	unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization.

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•	decreased demand for any product candidates or medicines that we may develop;

•	injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

•	withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

•	significant costs to defend the related litigation;

•	substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;

•	loss of revenue;

•	reduced resources of our management to pursue our business strategy; and

•	the inability to commercialize any medicines that we may develop.

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•

Collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations. Under the 2010 Agreement, the AG-881 Agreements and programs under a co-development and co-commercialization agreement pursuant to the 2016 Agreement, development and commercialization plans and strategies for licensed programs, such as IDHIFA®, will be conducted in accordance with a plan and budget approved by a joint committee comprised of equal numbers of representatives from each of us and Celgene, as to which Celgene may have final decision-making authority. For example, Celgene has elected not to participate in our planned perioperative study of TIBSOVO® (ivosidenib) and AG-881 in patients with low grade glioma and, pursuant to the AG-881 Agreements, we will fund the trial ourselves.

•	Collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of our product candidates or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, changes in the

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Collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing, which may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidate. For example, under the 2010 Agreement and the 2016 Agreement, it is possible for Celgene to terminate the agreement, upon 90 days prior written notice, with respect to any product candidate at any point in the research, development and clinical trial process, without triggering a termination of the remainder of the collaboration arrangement.

•	Collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our medicines or product candidates if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours.

•	Collaborators with marketing and distribution rights to one or more medicines may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of such medicine or medicines.

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Collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation. For example, under specified circumstances Celgene has the first right to maintain or defend our intellectual property rights with respect to IDHIFA® under the 2010 Agreement and, although we may have the right to assume the maintenance and defense of our intellectual property rights if Celgene does not, our ability to do so may be compromised by Celgene’s actions.

•	Disputes may arise between the collaborators and us that result in the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our medicines or product candidates or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources.

•	We may lose certain valuable rights under circumstances identified in our collaborations, including, in the case of our agreements with Celgene, if we undergo a change of control.

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Collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates. For example, Celgene can terminate its agreements with us, in their entirety or with respect to IDHIFA® under the 2010 Agreement or any program under the 2016 Agreement, upon 90 days’ notice and can terminate each entire agreement with us in connection with a material breach of the agreement by us that remains uncured for a period ranging from 60 to 90 days.

•	Collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of product candidates in the most efficient manner or at all.

•	If a present or future collaborators of ours were to be involved in a business combination, the continued pursuit and emphasis on our product development or commercialization program under such collaboration could be delayed, diminished or terminated.

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•	reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance and quality assurance;

•	the possible breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party;

•	the possible termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us; and

•	reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance, quality assurance, environmental and safety and pharmacovigilance reporting.

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•	restrictions on such medicine, manufacturers or manufacturing processes;

•	restrictions on the labeling or marketing of a medicine;

•	restrictions on distribution or use of a medicine;

•	requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials;

•	warning letters or untitled letters;

•	withdrawal of the medicine from the market;

•	refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;

•	recall of medicines;

•	damage to relationships with any potential collaborators;

•	unfavorable press coverage and damage to our reputation;

•	fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenue;

•	suspension or withdrawal of marketing approvals;

•	refusal to permit the import or export of our medicines;

•	product seizure;

•	injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties; and

•	litigation involving patients using our medicines.

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the federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation or arranging of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid;

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the federal False Claims Act imposes criminal and civil penalties, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, false or fraudulent claims for payment by a federal healthcare program or making a false statement or record material to payment of a false claim or avoiding, decreasing or concealing an obligation to pay money to the federal government, with potential liability including mandatory treble damages and significant per-claim penalties, currently set at $10,781.40 to $21,562.80 per false claim;

•	the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters;

•	HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and its implementing regulations, also imposes obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information;

•	the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act requires applicable manufacturers of covered drugs to report payments and other transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals; and

•	analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws and transparency statutes, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers.

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•	an annual, non-deductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports specified branded prescription drugs and biologic agents;

•	an increase in the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program;

•	expansion of healthcare fraud and abuse laws, including the civil False Claims Act and the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, new government investigative powers and enhanced penalties for noncompliance;

•	a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for a manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D;

•	extension of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability;

•	expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs;

•	expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program;

•	new requirements to report certain financial arrangements with physicians and teaching hospitals;

•	a new requirement to annually report drug samples that manufacturers and distributors provide to physicians; and

•	a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research.

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•	different regulatory requirements for approval of drugs in foreign countries;

•	reduced protection for intellectual property rights;

•	unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;

•	economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;

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•	compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;

•	foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenue, and other obligations incident to doing business in another country;

•	workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;

•	production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and

•	business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism or natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires.

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•	establish a classified board of directors such that not all members of the board are elected at one time;

•	allow the authorized number of our directors to be changed only by resolution of our board of directors;

•	limit the manner in which stockholders can remove directors from the board;

•	establish advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals that can be acted on at stockholder meetings and nominations to our board of directors;

•	require that stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called stockholder meeting and prohibit actions by our stockholders by written consent;

•	limit who may call stockholder meetings;

•	authorize our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used to institute a shareholder rights plan, or so-called “poison pill,” that would work to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, effectively preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our board of directors; and

•	require the approval of the holders of at least 75% of the votes that all our stockholders would be entitled to cast to amend or repeal certain provisions of our charter or bylaws.

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•	regulatory actions with respect to our product candidates or our competitors’ products and product candidates;

•	announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, collaborations or capital commitments;

•	the timing and results of clinical trials of product candidates;

•	commencement or termination of collaborations for our development programs;

•	failure or discontinuation of any of our development programs;

•	results of clinical trials of product candidates of our competitors;

•	regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries;

•	developments or disputes concerning patent applications, issued patents or other proprietary rights;

•	the recruitment or departure of key personnel;

•	the level of expenses related to any of our product candidates or clinical development programs;

•	the results of our efforts to develop additional product candidates or products;

•	actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results or development timelines;

•	announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;

•	sales of our common stock by us, our insiders or other stockholders;

•	variations in our financial results, including fluctuations in levels of royalties on sales of IDHIFA®, or results of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

•	changes in estimates or recommendations by securities analysts, if any, that cover our stock;

•	changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

•	market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors;

•	general economic, industry and market conditions; and

•	the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section.

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1.	I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a.	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c.	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d.	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a.	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

1.	I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a.	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c.	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d.	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a.	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

(1)	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

(1)	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.